Portrait of Nathaniel Hawthorne by Charles Osgood, 1840 (courtesy of Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, MA, Gift of Professor Richard C. Manning, Acc#121459)

Echoes of Hawthorne in Melville's Billy Budd: an essay by Dr. John W. Stuart, Department of English
Manchester-Essex Regional High School, Manchester, MA, prepared for the Hawthorne in Salem Website, November 2003

Melville's novelette Billy Budd connects with Hawthorne in several respects: I.) an allusion to Hawthorne's short story "The Birthmark"; II.) tensions of same sex relationships that mirror situations in both the real lives and fictional narratives of Hawthorne and Melville; and III.) a preoccupation with the nature of evil, an ongoing subject of fascination for both authors.

"Playing with the (Birth) Mark: Aylmer�s Failed Attempt to Achieve Perfect Whiteness," paper by Dr. John Gruesser, Department of English, Kean University, delivered at the American Literature Association Conference in May, 2001.

"Neoconservative Nathaniel: Bioethics and 'The Birth-Mark'", paper
by Albert Keith Whitaker,Boston College, delivered at the conference of the
Nathaniel Hawthorne Society, celebrating the Hawthorne bicentennial in Salem,
MA, July 1-4, 2004

Page citation: http://www.hawthorneinsalem.org/page/12060/